lunes, enero 22, 2007

Vida bandida.

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El delinciente como reivindicador social
El teórico Eric Hobsbawm llama “bandido social” a la figura arquetípica del ladrón o delincuente que reivindica a cierta parte de una sociedad que se siente subyugada. Dicho personaje, cuyo representante más famoso a nivel mundial es Robin Hood, es llevado a la vida criminal en una sociedad con leyes que no son justas ni que protegen los intereses de la mayoría. Con sus actos, esta figura reivindica a la parte más lastimada de la sociedad que lo generó —usualmente los pobres y desprotegidos—, por lo que adquiere carácter de icono revolucionario.
Según las ideas del mismo estudioso, el bandolerismo social se halla en un nivel de lucha prepolítico o “primitivo”, por que el sentido de su acción en impreciso y aun a veces abiertamente conservador o preservador del status quo. Este fenómeno se encuentra, según Hobsbawm, en sociedades preindustriales como una forma de protesta endémica del campesino contra la opresión y la pobreza: un grito de venganza, aunque individualista, contra el rico y los opresores. Este fenómeno puede convertirse en la única válvula de escape que no permite otra salida.
Ampliando un poco el concepto del teórico en base al estudio de ciertos bandidos sociales tales como Chucho el roto, es posible conjeturar que el bandido social, entendido como una figura que encarna el deseo de emancipación de una sociedad oprimida, no es exclusiva de las comunidades rurales, pues se han dado casos de bandidos que surgen en un entorno urbano marginal. Si seguimos en la línea de Hobsbawm, llegamos a la conclusión de que cualquier comunidad excluida puede ser calificada como preindustrial, más no por sus características intrínsecas exclusivamente, sino también como resultado del régimen que la mantiene en la miseria y el aislamiento.
La figura del bandolero social aparece cuando las personas que viven en una localidad sufre por un régimen represor e injusto, y representa la distancia que puede haber entre la ley, entendida como el conjunto de reglas rígidas que tiene dicha sociedad, y la justicia entendida desde el punto de vista de la mayoría de esa población. Muchas veces justicia y ley no son sinónimos, y la figura del bandido social subraya esas diferencias.

En esta figura legendaria, la cual bebe del arquetipo junguiano del Trickster, tiene ciertas características muy definidas:
a) Es un delincuente en el sentido de que desafía las leyes establecidas en su época y comunidad, pero lo hace con la aprobación de una mayoría. Robin Hood robaba, pero tenía las simpatías de su pueblo por que sus actividades delictivas eran vistas como una manera de resistencia hacia el gobierno del rey ilegítimo, Juan sin tierra, hermano de Ricardo Corazón de León.
b) Se genera en un entorno opresivo, bajo un gobierno evidentemente injusto y tiránico o bajo una invasión extranjera a su patria. En este último caso, el bandido comunal llega a volverse símbolo de la lucha por la emancipación de un pueblo. William Wallace se volvió el símbolo de la lucha por la independencia de escocia en el siglo XIII.

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c) Siempre surge en una clase social baja o media baja. Casi nunca en las elítes. En el peculiar caso de que el bandido social surja de las aristocracias es debido a sus cualidades humanas de compasión y sentido de la justicia. Los bandidos sociales emanados de la ficción, tales como la figura del Zorro o La Pimpinela Escarlata, generalmente tienen un origen noble, a diferencia de los bandoleros históricos tales como Joaquín Murrieta (Del cual, irónicamente se tomaron algunos elementos para crear al Zorro) o Heráclio Bernal, en Rayo de Sinaloa, quienes nacen entre las capas marginadas de la sociedad.
d) Generalmente es orillado a la vida fuera de la ley por un hecho trágico o por una acción bárbara del régimen autoritario hacia su persona. Joaquín Murrieta se hizo bandido en la California de 1850 a raíz de que dos mineros norteamericanos mataron y violaron a su esposa; Guillermo Tell salió de la ley cuando el cruel gobernante de Suiza le ordenó disparar una flecha a una manzana posada en la cabeza de su propio hijo.
e) Es conocido por sus cualidades sobrehumanas, lo cual aumenta su leyenda e influencia: Robin Hood era considerado el mejor arquero de Inglaterra; William Wallace tenía fama de ser un gigantón de más de dos y medio metros; De Jesús Malverde y de Vicente Alonso se decía que eran brujos y que podían desaparecer en el aire; Chucho el roto era conocido por su asombrosa capacidad de disfrazarse (Incluso una vez se hizo pasar por una linda joven).
f) La simpatía social que genera el bandido se debe a su conducta que, aunque fuera de la ley, va en el sentido del consenso ético de la mayoría. Robin Hood robaba a los ricos (considerados traidores y cómplices de Juan sin Tierra), para darle a los pobres; Vicente Alonso sólo robaba los dineros del gobierno, por lo que era protegido por la gente de Colima; Chucho el roto repartía parte de sus dineros entre los pobres de la ciudad de México; los narcotraficantes, devotos y seguidores de Jesús Malverde, hacen obras de infraestructura en sus comunidades. Por lo mismo, al bandido social se le atribuyen actitudes demasiado compasivas —pensando en su línea de trabajo—, tales como que nunca mataba, o que sólo asesinaba en defensa propia. El famoso Chucho el roto era conocido por llevar una pistola sin balas, sólo para amedrentar, pues había prometido a su madre que jamás quitaría una vida.
g) Cuando la figura trasciende de simple “bandido social”, que sirve para canalizar los deseos de reivindicación de una comunidad maltratada, se convierte en un héroe nacional. Doroteo Arango comenzó siendo un abigeo que tomó el nombre de Francisco Villa, un famoso ladrón. Con el tiempo se convirtió en general de la División del norte durante la revolución mexicana y pasó a la historia como uno de los más importantes caudillos de dicha revuelta.

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h) El bandido social tiene sus inicios como un personaje histórico, plenamente identificado en una época y lugar, pero al tener lugar su muerte su leyenda sigue y genera un cambio en la conciencia y en el imaginario de la sociedad de la cual es parte. Chucho el roto muere en la cárcel de San Juan de Ulúa en 1888, pero la gente lo siguió considerando vivo y se le inventó una montecristésca fuga del penal. Jesús Malverde se volvió un ánima milagrosa y venerada después de su ahorcamiento en 1907; el recuerdo del martirizado y desmembrado Wallace hizo que los escoceses siguieran combatiendo por su independencia hasta que la obtuvieron.

En esta serie de artículos se tratarán diversas manifestaciones del bandolero social en el México de los siglos XIX y XX entre las que se incluirán a Joaquín Murrieta, el terror de California; Jesús Malverde, el santón del narcotráfico; y Vicente Alonso, el azote del bajío.
Disfrútenlos a galope en un alazán camino a la sierra.

Omar Delgado
2007

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